Óòâåðæäåí

Ïðèêàçîì Ôåäåðàëüíîãî

àãåíòñòâà ïî òåõíè÷åñêîìó

ðåãóëèðîâàíèþ è ìåòðîëîãèè

îò 29 äåêàáðÿ 2005 ã. N 491-ñò

 

Äàòà ââåäåíèÿ -

1 ÿíâàðÿ 2007 ãîäà

 

ÍÀÖÈÎÍÀËÜÍÛÉ ÑÒÀÍÄÀÐÒ ÐÎÑÑÈÉÑÊÎÉ ÔÅÄÅÐÀÖÈÈ

 

ÎÐÃÀÍÎËÅÏÒÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÀÍÀËÈÇ

 

ÑËÎÂÀÐÜ

 

SENSORY ANALYSIS. VOCABULARY

 

ÃÎÑÒ Ð ÈÑÎ 5492-2005

 

Ïðåäèñëîâèå

 

Öåëè è ïðèíöèïû ñòàíäàðòèçàöèè â Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè óñòàíîâëåíû Ôåäåðàëüíûì çàêîíîì îò 27 äåêàáðÿ 2002 ã. N 184-ÔÇ "Î òåõíè÷åñêîì ðåãóëèðîâàíèè", à ïðàâèëà ïðèìåíåíèÿ íàöèîíàëüíûõ ñòàíäàðòîâ Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè - ÃÎÑÒ Ð 1.0-2004 "Ñòàíäàðòèçàöèÿ â Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè. Îñíîâíûå ïîëîæåíèÿ".

 

Ñâåäåíèÿ î ñòàíäàðòå

 

1. Ïîäãîòîâëåí Ãîñóäàðñòâåííûì îáðàçîâàòåëüíûì ó÷ðåæäåíèåì âûñøåãî ïðîôåññèîíàëüíîãî îáðàçîâàíèÿ "Ìîñêîâñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé óíèâåðñèòåò ïèùåâûõ ïðîèçâîäñòâ" íà îñíîâå àóòåíòè÷íîãî ïåðåâîäà ñòàíäàðòà, óêàçàííîãî â ïóíêòå 4, êîòîðûé âûïîëíåí Ãîñóäàðñòâåííûì îáðàçîâàòåëüíûì ó÷ðåæäåíèåì âûñøåãî ïðîôåññèîíàëüíîãî îáðàçîâàíèÿ "Ìîñêîâñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé óíèâåðñèòåò ïèùåâûõ ïðîèçâîäñòâ".

2. Âíåñåí Òåõíè÷åñêèì êîìèòåòîì ïî ñòàíäàðòèçàöèè ÒÊ 335 "Ìåòîäû èñïûòàíèé àãðîïðîìûøëåííîé ïðîäóêöèè íà áåçîïàñíîñòü".

3. Óòâåðæäåí è ââåäåí â äåéñòâèå Ïðèêàçîì Ôåäåðàëüíîãî àãåíòñòâà ïî òåõíè÷åñêîìó ðåãóëèðîâàíèþ è ìåòðîëîãèè îò 29 äåêàáðÿ 2005 ã. N 491-ñò.

4. Íàñòîÿùèé ñòàíäàðò èäåíòè÷åí ìåæäóíàðîäíîìó ñòàíäàðòó ÈÑÎ 5492:1992 "Îðãàíîëåïòè÷åñêèé àíàëèç - Ñëîâàðü" (ISO 5492:1992 "Sensory analysis - Vocabulary", IDT).

5. Ââåäåí âïåðâûå.

 

Èíôîðìàöèÿ îá èçìåíåíèÿõ ê íàñòîÿùåìó ñòàíäàðòó ïóáëèêóåòñÿ â åæåãîäíî èçäàâàåìîì èíôîðìàöèîííîì óêàçàòåëå "Íàöèîíàëüíûå ñòàíäàðòû", à òåêñò èçìåíåíèé è ïîïðàâîê - â åæåìåñÿ÷íî èçäàâàåìûõ èíôîðìàöèîííûõ óêàçàòåëÿõ "Íàöèîíàëüíûå ñòàíäàðòû".  ñëó÷àå ïåðåñìîòðà (çàìåíû) èëè îòìåíû íàñòîÿùåãî ñòàíäàðòà ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåå óâåäîìëåíèå áóäåò îïóáëèêîâàíî â åæåìåñÿ÷íî èçäàâàåìîì èíôîðìàöèîííîì óêàçàòåëå "Íàöèîíàëüíûå ñòàíäàðòû". Ñîîòâåòñòâóþùàÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ, óâåäîìëåíèå è òåêñòû ðàçìåùàþòñÿ òàêæå â èíôîðìàöèîííîé ñèñòåìå îáùåãî ïîëüçîâàíèÿ - íà îôèöèàëüíîì ñàéòå íàöèîíàëüíîãî îðãàíà Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè ïî ñòàíäàðòèçàöèè â ñåòè Èíòåðíåò.

 

Îáëàñòü ïðèìåíåíèÿ

 

 íàñòîÿùåì ñòàíäàðòå ïðèâåäåíû òåðìèíû, îòíîñÿùèåñÿ ê îðãàíîëåïòè÷åñêîìó àíàëèçó, è èõ çíà÷åíèå.

Íàñòîÿùèé ñòàíäàðò ïðèìåíèì âî âñåõ îáëàñòÿõ ïðîìûøëåííîñòè, ãäå èñïîëüçóåòñÿ îðãàíîëåïòè÷åñêàÿ îöåíêà ïðîäóêòîâ ñ ïîìîùüþ îðãàíîâ ÷óâñòâ.

 

1. Îáùàÿ òåðìèíîëîãèÿ

 

1.1. Ñåíñîðíûé àíàëèç (sensory analysis): àíàëèç ñ ïîìîùüþ îðãàíîâ ÷óâñòâ (âûñîêîñïåöèôè÷åñêèõ ðåöåïòîðíûõ îðãàíîâ), îáåñïå÷èâàþùèõ îðãàíèçìó ïîëó÷åíèå èíôîðìàöèè îá îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäå ñ ïîìîùüþ çðåíèÿ, ñëóõà, îáîíÿíèÿ, âêóñà, îñÿçàíèÿ, âåñòèáóëÿðíîé ðåöåïöèè è èíòåðîðåöåïöèè.

1.2. Îðãàíîëåïòè÷åñêèé àíàëèç (organoleptic analysis): ñåíñîðíûé àíàëèç ïðîäóêòîâ, âêóñîâûõ è àðîìàòè÷åñêèõ âåùåñòâ ñ ïîìîùüþ îáîíÿíèÿ, âêóñà, çðåíèÿ, îñÿçàíèÿ è ñëóõà.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå - Òåðìèí íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñèíîíèìîì ñåíñîðíîãî àíàëèçà: åãî çíà÷åíèå èìååò îãðàíè÷åíèÿ ïî îáúåêòó èññëåäîâàíèÿ è ÷èñëó îðãàíîâ ÷óâñòâ.

 

1.3. Îðãàíîëåïòèêà (organoleptica): îáëàñòü íàóêè, èçó÷àþùàÿ ñâîéñòâà ãîòîâûõ ïðîäóêòîâ, èõ ïðîìåæóòî÷íûõ ôîðì è èíãðåäèåíòîâ, âûçûâàþùèõ ñåíñîðíóþ ðåàêöèþ ÷åëîâåêà.

1.4. Îðãàíîëåïòè÷åñêàÿ îöåíêà (organoleptic assessment): îöåíêà îòâåòíîé ðåàêöèè îðãàíîâ ÷óâñòâ ÷åëîâåêà íà ñâîéñòâî ïðîäóêòà êàê èññëåäóåìîãî îáúåêòà, îïðåäåëÿåìàÿ ñ ïîìîùüþ êà÷åñòâåííûõ è êîëè÷åñòâåííûõ ìåòîäîâ.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå - Êà÷åñòâåííàÿ îöåíêà âûðàæàåòñÿ ñ ïîìîùüþ ñëîâåñíûõ îïèñàíèé (äåñêðèïòîðîâ), à êîëè÷åñòâåííàÿ, õàðàêòåðèçóþùàÿ èíòåíñèâíîñòü îùóùåíèÿ, - â ÷èñëàõ (øêàëàõ) èëè ãðàôè÷åñêè.

 

1.5. Îùóùåíèå (sensation): ñóáúåêòèâíàÿ ðåàêöèÿ íà ñòèìóëèðîâàíèå (âîçáóæäåíèå) îðãàíîâ ÷óâñòâ.

1.6. Ñòèìóë (stimulus): ðàçäðàæèòåëü (ñòèìóëû áûâàþò ðàçëè÷íûõ ìîäàëüíîñòåé: ñâåòîâûå, çâóêîâûå, ìåõàíè÷åñêèå, õèìè÷åñêèå è ò.ä.), âîçäåéñòâóþùèé íà ðåöåïòîðû.

1.7. Èñïûòàòåëü (assessor): ëèöî, ïðèâëåêàåìîå äëÿ îðãàíîëåïòè÷åñêîãî àíàëèçà.

1.7.1. Íåïîäãîòîâëåííûé èñïûòàòåëü (naive assessor): ëèöî, âûáðàííîå äëÿ ó÷àñòèÿ â îðãàíîëåïòè÷åñêîì àíàëèçå áåç ó÷åòà êàêèõ-ëèáî êðèòåðèåâ.

1.7.2. Îçíàêîìëåííûé èñïûòàòåëü (initiated assessor): ëèöî, êîòîðîå óæå ïðèíèìàëî ó÷àñòèå â îðãàíîëåïòè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèÿõ.

1.8. Îòîáðàííûé èñïûòàòåëü (selected assessor): ëèöî, âûáðàííîå äëÿ ó÷àñòèÿ â îðãàíîëåïòè÷åñêîì àíàëèçå ñ ó÷åòîì èíäèâèäóàëüíîé ñåíñîðíîé ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòè.

1.9. Ýêñïåðò (expert): â øèðîêîì ñìûñëå ñëîâà, ýòî ëèöî, êîòîðîå îáëàäàåò ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèìè çíàíèÿìè, îïûòîì è êîìïåòåíöèåé è äàåò çàêëþ÷åíèå ïðè ðàññìîòðåíèè êàêîãî-ëèáî âîïðîñà.

1.9.1. Ýêñïåðò-èñïûòàòåëü (expert assessor): îòîáðàííûé èñïûòàòåëü, îáëàäàþùèé âûñîêîé ñåíñîðíîé ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòüþ è îïûòîì ðàáîòû ñ ìåòîäàìè îðãàíîëåïòè÷åñêîé îöåíêè, ñïîñîáíûé ïðîâîäèòü àíàëèç ðàçëè÷íûõ ïðîäóêòîâ ñ âûñîêîé ñòåïåíüþ äîñòîâåðíîñòè è âîñïðîèçâîäèìîñòè.

1.9.2. Ñïåöèàëèçèðîâàííûé ýêñïåðò (specialized expert assessor): ýêñïåðò-èñïûòàòåëü, îáëàäàþùèé îïûòîì ðàáîòû ñ êàêèì-ëèáî ïðîäóêòîì è/èëè çíàêîìûé ñ òåõíîëîãèåé ïðîèçâîäñòâà äàííîãî ïðîäóêòà è/èëè ìàðêåòèíãîì äàííîãî ïðîäóêòà, ñïîñîáíûé âûïîëíèòü åãî îðãàíîëåïòè÷åñêèé àíàëèç, îöåíèòü èëè ñïðîãíîçèðîâàòü ýôôåêò îò èçìåíåíèÿ ñîñòàâà ñûðüÿ, ðåöåïòóðû, óñëîâèé ïðîèçâîäñòâà, õðàíåíèÿ, ñòàðåíèÿ ïðîäóêòà è ò.ï.

1.10. Ïàíåëü (panel): ãðóïïà èñïûòàòåëåé äëÿ îðãàíîëåïòè÷åñêîé îöåíêè êà÷åñòâà ïðîäóêòà èëè äëÿ èçó÷åíèÿ ðåàêöèè ÷åëîâåêà íà ïðîäóêò.

1.11. Ïîòðåáèòåëü (consumer): ëèöî, ïîòðåáëÿþùåå ïðîäóêò.

1.12. Ïîòðåáèòåëüñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ (consumers' research): îðãàíîëåïòè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ñ ïðèâëå÷åíèåì ïîòðåáèòåëåé äëÿ îöåíêè ñâîéñòâ íîâîãî ïðîäóêòà èëè òðàäèöèîííîãî, âûïóñêàåìîãî â íåñêîëüêèõ âàðèàíòàõ è ïîñòóïèâøåãî â ïðîäàæó.

1.13. Äåãóñòàòîð (taster): èñïûòàòåëü, îòîáðàííûé èñïûòàòåëü èëè ýêñïåðò, îöåíèâàþùèé îðãàíîëåïòè÷åñêèå ñâîéñòâà ïèùåâîãî ïðîäóêòà â îñíîâíîì â ïîëîñòè ðòà.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå - Òåðìèí "äåãóñòàòîð" íå ìîæåò èñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ â êà÷åñòâå ñèíîíèìà òåðìèíà "èñïûòàòåëü".

 

1.14. Äåãóñòàöèÿ (tasting): îðãàíîëåïòè÷åñêàÿ îöåíêà ïèùåâîãî ïðîäóêòà â ïîëîñòè ðòà.

1.15. Ñâîéñòâî, ïîêàçàòåëü, àòðèáóò, ïàðàìåòð (attribute): îùóùàåìàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà.

1.16. Ïðèåìëåìîñòü (acceptability): ñâîéñòâî ïðîäóêòà, êîòîðûé ïî ñâîèì îðãàíîëåïòè÷åñêèì ïîêàçàòåëÿì ïîëîæèòåëüíî ïðèíèìàåòñÿ îòäåëüíûìè ëþäüìè èëè ãðóïïîé íàñåëåíèÿ.

1.17. Ïðèíÿòèå, îäîáðåíèå (acceptance): äåéñòâèå, äåìîíñòðèðóþùåå ìíåíèå îòäåëüíîãî ÷åëîâåêà èëè ãðóïïû íàñåëåíèÿ î òîì, ÷òî äàííûé ïðîäóêò ïîëîæèòåëüíî îòâå÷àåò èõ îæèäàíèÿì.

1.18. Ïðåäïî÷òåíèå (preference): ïðèçíàíèå ïðåèìóùåñòâà îäíîãî ïðîäóêòà â ñðàâíåíèè ñ äðóãèìè.

1.19. Àâåðñèÿ (aversion): êðàéíå íåïðèÿòíîå ÷óâñòâî, âûçâàííîå êàêèì-ëèáî âîçäåéñòâèåì, îòâðàùåíèå.

1.20. Ðàçëè÷åíèå (discrimination): êîëè÷åñòâåííîå è/èëè êà÷åñòâåííîå ðàçëè÷èå ìåæäó äâóìÿ èëè íåñêîëüêèìè ñòèìóëàìè.

1.21. Àïïåòèò (appetite): ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêîå ñîñòîÿíèå ÷åëîâåêà, êîòîðîå âûðàæàåòñÿ â æåëàíèè ïîòðåáëÿòü ïèùó è/èëè íàïèòêè.

1.22. Àïïåòèòíûé (appetizing): ñâîéñòâî ïðîäóêòà âûçûâàòü ó ÷åëîâåêà àïïåòèò.

1.23. Âêóñíîñòü, ïðèÿòíîñòü (palatability): ñîâîêóïíîñòü ïðèçíàêîâ ïðîäóêòà, äåëàþùèõ åãî æåëàåìûì äëÿ ïîòðåáëåíèÿ.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå - Òåðìèí "âêóñíîñòü" íå ìîæåò èñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ â êà÷åñòâå ñèíîíèìà òåðìèíà "ôëåéâîð".

 

1.24. Ãåäîíè÷åñêèé (hedonic): ñâÿçàííûé ñ ñèìïàòèåé èëè àíòèïàòèåé ê ÷åìó-ëèáî.

1.25. Ïñèõîôèçèêà (psychophysics): íàóêà, èçó÷àþùàÿ îòíîøåíèÿ ìåæäó ñòèìóëàìè è îòâåòíûìè ñåíñîðíûìè ðåàêöèÿìè.

1.26. Îëüôàêòîìåòðèÿ (olfactometry): èçó÷åíèå îáîíÿòåëüíîé ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòè ÷åëîâåêà.

1.27. Îäîðèìåòðèÿ (odorimetry): èçó÷åíèå ñâîéñòâ àðîìàòè÷åñêèõ âåùåñòâ.

1.28. Îëüôàêòîìåòð (olfactometer): ïðèáîð, èñïîëüçóåìûé äëÿ èçó÷åíèÿ îáîíÿòåëüíîé ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòè èñïûòàòåëåé â âîñïðîèçâîäèìûõ óñëîâèÿõ.

1.29. Àðîìàòè÷åñêîå âåùåñòâî, îäîðàíò (odorant): ëþáîå âåùåñòâî, ñïîñîáíîå âûçûâàòü îáîíÿòåëüíûå îùóùåíèÿ.

1.30. Êà÷åñòâî (quality): ñîâîêóïíîñòü ïðèçíàêîâ è õàðàêòåðèñòèê ïðîäóêòà èëè óñëóãè, êîòîðûå ïîçâîëÿþò óäîâëåòâîðÿòü âûðàæåííûå èëè ñêðûòûå ïîòðåáíîñòè.

1.31. Êðèòåðèé êà÷åñòâà (quality factor): ïàðàìåòð, âûáðàííûé ñðåäè ïðî÷èõ äëÿ îáùåé îöåíêè êà÷åñòâà ïðîäóêòà.

1.32. Ïðîäóêò (product): ñúåäîáíîå èëè íåñúåäîáíîå âåùåñòâî, ÿâëÿþùååñÿ îáúåêòîì îðãàíîëåïòè÷åñêîé îöåíêè.

 

2. Òåðìèíîëîãèÿ, îòíîñÿùàÿñÿ ê ôèçèîëîãèè

 

2.1. Ðåöåïòîð (receptor): ñïåöèàëèçèðîâàííûå äëÿ âîñïðèÿòèÿ îïðåäåëåííîãî âèäà ðàçäðàæåíèÿ êëåòêè èëè îêîí÷àíèÿ íåéðîíà, ñïîñîáíûå ïðåîáðàçîâûâàòü ìàòåðèàëüíûé íîñèòåëü èíôîðìàöèè â ýëåêòðè÷åñêèé ïðîöåññ - íåðâíûé èìïóëüñ.

2.2. Âîñïðèÿòèå (perception): íåïîñðåäñòâåííîå îòðàæåíèå ñâîéñòâ ïðîäóêòà â ñîçíàíèè, ñïîñîáíîñòü âîñïðèíèìàòü, ðàçëè÷àòü è óñâàèâàòü èíôîðìàöèþ ñ ïîìîùüþ îðãàíîâ ÷óâñòâ.

2.3. Âêóñ (taste): îùóùåíèå, âîçíèêàþùåå â ðåçóëüòàòå âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ðàçëè÷íûõ ðàñòâîðåííûõ õèìè÷åñêèõ âåùåñòâ íà ðåöåïòîðû, îòðàæàþùåå ñâîéñòâà ñòèìóëà è ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèå îñîáåííîñòè èíäèâèäà; ÷óâñòâî âêóñà; õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ïðîäóêòîâ, âûçûâàþùèå âêóñîâûå îùóùåíèÿ.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå - Òåðìèí "âêóñ" íå äîëæåí ïðèìåíÿòüñÿ äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ ñîâîêóïíîñòè âêóñîâûõ, îáîíÿòåëüíûõ è òàêòèëüíûõ (òðèãåìèíàëüíûõ) îùóùåíèé, êîòîðûå ìîãóò îáúåäèíÿòüñÿ ïîä òåðìèíîì "ôëåéâîð" (ñì. 3.16). Åñëè â ïîâñåäíåâíîé ðå÷è òåðìèí óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ èìåííî â äàííîì çíà÷åíèè, òî îí îáÿçàòåëüíî äîëæåí ñîïðîâîæäàòüñÿ îïðåäåëåíèåì, íàïðèìåð: âêóñ ïëåñåíè, ìàëèíîâûé âêóñ, âêóñ ïðîáêè.

 

2.4. Âêóñîâîé (gustatory): îòíîñÿùèéñÿ ê ÷óâñòâó âêóñà.

2.5. Îáîíÿòåëüíûé (olfactory): îòíîñÿùèéñÿ ê îáîíÿíèþ.

2.6. Íþõàòü, ÷óâñòâîâàòü çàïàõ (to smell): âîñïðèíèìàòü èëè ïûòàòüñÿ îùóòèòü çàïàõ.

2.7. Îñÿçàíèå (touch): òàêòèëüíîå âîñïðèÿòèå; ðàñïîçíàâàíèå õàðàêòåðèñòèê ôîðìû è ñòðóêòóðû ïðîäóêòà ïóòåì íåïîñðåäñòâåííîãî êîíòàêòà ñ êîæåé.

2.8. Çðåíèå (vision): çðèòåëüíîå âîñïðèÿòèå; óñòàíîâëåíèå ðàçëè÷èé îêðóæàþùåãî ìèðà ïóòåì âîñïðèÿòèÿ ãëàçîì ñâåòîâûõ ëó÷åé âèäèìîé ÷àñòè ñïåêòðà.

2.9. ×óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü (sensitivity): ñïîñîáíîñòü îðãàíîâ ÷óâñòâ âîñïðèíèìàòü, èäåíòèôèöèðîâàòü è/èëè äèôôåðåíöèðîâàòü êà÷åñòâåííî è/èëè êîëè÷åñòâåííî îäèí èëè íåñêîëüêî ñòèìóëîâ.

2.10. Èíòåíñèâíîñòü (intensity): âåëè÷èíà ñòåïåíè âîñïðèÿòèÿ; êîëè÷åñòâåííàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ñòèìóëà, âûçûâàþùåãî âîñïðèÿòèå.

2.11. Êèíåñòåçèÿ (kinaesthesis): ÷óâñòâî ïîëîæåíèÿ òåëà è äâèæåíèÿ êîíå÷íîñòåé, à òàêæå îùóùåíèÿ óñèëèé, ñèëû è òÿæåñòè.

2.12. Ñåíñîðíàÿ àäàïòàöèÿ (sensory adaptation): âðåìåííîå èçìåíåíèå ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòè îðãàíà ÷óâñòâ â ðåçóëüòàòå ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîãî è/èëè ïîâòîðÿþùåãîñÿ âîçäåéñòâèÿ ñòèìóëà.

2.13. Ñåíñîðíàÿ óñòàëîñòü (sensory fatigue): ôîðìà ñåíñîðíîé àäàïòàöèè, ñîïðîâîæäàþùàÿñÿ ñíèæåíèåì ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòè.

2.14. Àãåâçèÿ (ageusia): îòñóòñòâèå âêóñîâîé ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòè êî âñåì âêóñîâûì âåùåñòâàì èëè æå ê îäíîìó âåùåñòâó, èëè ê ãðóïïå âåùåñòâ.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå - Àãåâçèÿ ìîæåò áûòü ïîñòîÿííîé èëè âðåìåííîé.

 

2.15. Àíîñìèÿ (anosmia): îòñóòñòâèå îáîíÿòåëüíîé ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòè êî âñåì àðîìàòè÷åñêèì âåùåñòâàì èëè æå ê îäíîìó âåùåñòâó, èëè ê ãðóïïå âåùåñòâ.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå - Àíîñìèÿ ìîæåò áûòü ïîñòîÿííîé èëè âðåìåííîé.

 

2.16. Ãèïåðîñìèÿ (hyperosmia): íåîáû÷íî âûñîêàÿ îáîíÿòåëüíàÿ ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü êî âñåì àðîìàòè÷åñêèì âåùåñòâàì èëè æå ê îäíîìó âåùåñòâó, èëè ê ãðóïïå âåùåñòâ.

2.17. Ãèïîñìèÿ (hyposmia): ïîíèæåííàÿ îáîíÿòåëüíàÿ ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü êî âñåì àðîìàòè÷åñêèì âåùåñòâàì èëè æå ê îäíîìó âåùåñòâó, èëè ê ãðóïïå âåùåñòâ.

2.18. Äèõðîìàòîïñèÿ (dyschromatopsia): àíîìàëèÿ öâåòîâîãî çðèòåëüíîãî âîñïðèÿòèÿ, õàðàêòåðèçóþùàÿñÿ îòêëîíåíèåì ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ íîðìàëüíûì íàáëþäàòåëåì.

2.19. Ïñåâäîòåðìàëüíûé ýôôåêò (pseudothermal effect): îùóùåíèÿ òåïëà èëè õîëîäà, âûçûâàåìûå íåêîòîðûìè âåùåñòâàìè íåçàâèñèìî îò èõ òåìïåðàòóðû; íàïðèìåð, òàêèå îùóùåíèÿ âûçûâàþòñÿ êàïñàöèíîì (òåïëî) è ìåíòîëîì (õîëîä).

2.20. Òðèãåìèíàëüíûå îùóùåíèÿ (trigeminal sensations): ðàçäðàæàþùèå èëè àãðåññèâíûå îùóùåíèÿ, âîñïðèíèìàåìûå â ïîëîñòè ðòà èëè ãîðëå.

2.21. Àíòàãîíèçì (antagonism): ñîâìåñòíîå äåéñòâèå äâóõ èëè íåñêîëüêèõ ñòèìóëîâ, êîòîðûå âûçûâàþò áîëåå íèçêèé óðîâåíü îùóùåíèé, ÷åì åñëè áû ýòè ñòèìóëû âîçäåéñòâîâàëè ïî îòäåëüíîñòè.

2.22. Ñèíåðãèçì (synergism): óñèëåíèå èíòåíñèâíîñòè îùóùåíèé â ðåçóëüòàòå ñîâìåñòíîãî äåéñòâèÿ äâóõ èëè áîëåå ñòèìóëîâ, ïðåâîñõîäÿùåå îæèäàåìîå îò ïðîñòîãî ñëîæåíèÿ âîçäåéñòâèé êàæäîãî îòäåëüíî âçÿòîãî ñòèìóëà.

2.23. Ìàñêèðîâêà (masking): ñíèæåíèå èíòåíñèâíîñòè èëè èçìåíåíèå êà÷åñòâà âîñïðèÿòèÿ ñòèìóëà èç-çà îäíîâðåìåííîãî âîçäåéñòâèÿ äðóãîãî ñòèìóëà.

2.24. Ýôôåêò êîíòðàñòà (contrast effect): ïîâûøåíèå îòâåòíîé ðåàêöèè, îñíîâàííîå íà ðàçëè÷èè äâóõ îäíîâðåìåííûõ èëè ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíûõ ñòèìóëîâ.

2.25. Ýôôåêò êîíâåðãåíöèè (convergence effect): ñíèæåíèå îòâåòíîé ðåàêöèè, îñíîâàííîå íà ðàçëè÷èè äâóõ îäíîâðåìåííûõ èëè ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíûõ ñòèìóëîâ.

2.26. Ïîðîã (threshold): òåðìèí "ïîðîã" âñåãäà óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ êà÷åñòâåííûì îïðåäåëåíèåì; ñì. 2.27 - 2.32.

2.27. Ïîðîã îáíàðóæåíèÿ, ïîðîã ñòèìóëà (detection threshold, stimulus threshold): ìèíèìàëüíàÿ âåëè÷èíà ñòèìóëà, íåîáõîäèìàÿ äëÿ âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ îùóùåíèÿ; ýòîò ñòèìóë ìîæåò áûòü íå èäåíòèôèöèðîâàííûì.

2.28. Ïîðîã ðàñïîçíàâàíèÿ (recognition threshold): ìèíèìàëüíàÿ âåëè÷èíà ñòèìóëà, ïîçâîëÿþùàÿ êà÷åñòâåííî îïèñàòü õàðàêòåð îùóùåíèÿ.

2.29. Äèôôåðåíöèàëüíûé ïîðîã (difference threshold): ìèíèìàëüíî ðàçëè÷èìîå èçìåíåíèå èíòåíñèâíîñòè ñòèìóëà.

2.30. Ïðåäåëüíûé ïîðîã, ïîðîã íàñûùåíèÿ (terminal threshold): ìèíèìàëüíàÿ âåëè÷èíà ñòèìóëà, âûøå êîòîðîé íåò îùóòèìîé ðàçíèöû â èíòåíñèâíîñòè âûçûâàåìîãî èì îùóùåíèÿ.

2.31. Ïîäïîðîãîâûé (sub-threshold): îïèñûâàåò ñòèìóë, êîòîðûé íàõîäèòñÿ íèæå ðàññìàòðèâàåìîãî òèïà ïîðîãà.

2.32. Íàäïîðîãîâûé (supra-threshold): îïèñûâàåò ñòèìóë, êîòîðûé íàõîäèòñÿ âûøå ðàññìàòðèâàåìîãî òèïà ïîðîãà.

 

3. Òåðìèíîëîãèÿ, îòíîñÿùàÿñÿ

ê îðãàíîëåïòè÷åñêèì õàðàêòåðèñòèêàì

 

3.1. Êèñëûé (âêóñ) (acid taste): õàðàêòåðèçóåò îñíîâíîé âêóñ, âûçûâàåìûé âîäíûìè ðàñòâîðàìè áîëüøèíñòâà êèñëîò (íàïðèìåð, ëèìîííàÿ è âèííàÿ êèñëîòû); êîìïëåêñíîå îáîíÿòåëüíî-âêóñîâîå îùóùåíèå, âûçûâàåìîå â îñíîâíîì ïðèñóòñòâèåì îðãàíè÷åñêèõ êèñëîò.

3.2. Êèñëîñòü (asidity): îðãàíîëåïòè÷åñêîå ñâîéñòâî èíäèâèäóàëüíûõ âåùåñòâ èëè ñìåñåé, êîòîðîå âûçûâàåò êèñëûé âêóñ.

3.3. Êèñëîâàòûé (aciduious): õàðàêòåðèçóåò ìåíüøóþ ñòåïåíü èíòåíñèâíîñòè âêóñà êèñëîãî ïðîäóêòà.

3.4. Ãîðüêèé (âêóñ) (bitter taste): õàðàêòåðèçóåò îñíîâíîé âêóñ, âûçûâàåìûé âîäíûìè ðàñòâîðàìè õèìè÷åñêèõ âåùåñòâ, òàêèõ êàê õèíèí è êîôåèí, à òàêæå íåêîòîðûõ àëêàëîèäîâ.

3.5. Ãîðå÷ü (betterness): îðãàíîëåïòè÷åñêîå ñâîéñòâî èíäèâèäóàëüíûõ âåùåñòâ èëè ñìåñåé, âûçûâàþùèõ ãîðüêèé âêóñ.

3.6. Ñîëåíûé (âêóñ) (salty taste): õàðàêòåðèçóåò îñíîâíîé âêóñ, âûçûâàåìûé âîäíûìè ðàñòâîðàìè õèìè÷åñêèõ âåùåñòâ, òàêèõ êàê õëîðèä íàòðèÿ.

3.7. Ñîëåíîñòü (saltiness): îðãàíîëåïòè÷åñêîå ñâîéñòâî èíäèâèäóàëüíûõ âåùåñòâ èëè ñìåñåé, âûçûâàþùèõ ñîëåíûé âêóñ.

3.8. Ñëàäêèé (âêóñ) (sweet taste): õàðàêòåðèçóåò îñíîâíîé âêóñ, âûçûâàåìûé âîäíûìè ðàñòâîðàìè õèìè÷åñêèõ âåùåñòâ, òàêèõ êàê ñàõàðîçà.

3.9. Ñëàäîñòü (sweetness): îðãàíîëåïòè÷åñêîå ñâîéñòâî èíäèâèäóàëüíûõ âåùåñòâ èëè ñìåñåé, âûçûâàþùèõ ñëàäêèé âêóñ.

3.10. Ùåëî÷íîé (âêóñ) (alkaline taste): õàðàêòåðèçóåò îñíîâíîé âêóñ, âûçûâàåìûé âîäíûìè ðàñòâîðàìè õèìè÷åñêèõ âåùåñòâ, òàêèõ êàê áèêàðáîíàò íàòðèÿ.

3.11. Ùåëî÷íîñòü (alkalinity): îðãàíîëåïòè÷åñêîå ñâîéñòâî èíäèâèäóàëüíûõ âåùåñòâ èëè ñìåñåé, âûçûâàþùèõ ùåëî÷íîé âêóñ.

3.12. Âÿæóùèé, òåðïêèé (âêóñ) (astringent, harsh taste): õàðàêòåðèçóåò êîìïëåêñíîå îùóùåíèå, âûçûâàåìîå ñîêðàùåíèåì ñëèçèñòûõ ïîâåðõíîñòåé ðîòîâîé ïîëîñòè è âîçíèêàþùåå îò âîçäåéñòâèÿ òàêèõ âåùåñòâ, êàê òàíèíû.

3.13. Òåðïêîñòü (astringency): îðãàíîëåïòè÷åñêîå ñâîéñòâî èíäèâèäóàëüíûõ âåùåñòâ èëè ñìåñåé, âûçûâàþùèõ âÿæóùèé âêóñ.

3.14. Ìåòàëëè÷åñêèé (âêóñ) (metallic taste): õàðàêòåðèçóåò îñíîâíîé âêóñ, âûçûâàåìûé âîäíûìè ðàñòâîðàìè õèìè÷åñêèõ âåùåñòâ, òàêèõ êàê ñóëüôàò æåëåçà.

3.15. Óìàìè (âêóñ) (umami taste): õàðàêòåðèçóåò îñíîâíîé âêóñ, âûçûâàåìûé âîäíûìè ðàñòâîðàìè õèìè÷åñêèõ âåùåñòâ, òàêèõ êàê ãëóòàìàò íàòðèÿ è íóêëåîòèäû.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå - Âåùåñòâà, âûçûâàþùèå "óìàìè", èíòåíñèôèöèðóþò âêóñ ïèùåâîãî ïðîäóêòà, óñèëèâàþò íåêîòîðûå åãî õàðàêòåðèñòèêè, òàêèå êàê ïðèÿòíîñòü, îùóùåíèå íàïîëíåííîñòè, ñîâåðøåíñòâà âêóñà. Âïåðâûå òåðìèí "óìàìè" áûë ïðåäëîæåí ÿïîíöàìè è íàèáîëåå ÷àñòî âñòðå÷àåòñÿ â îïèñàíèè àçèàòñêîé êóõíè (ðûáà, ñîåâûé ñîóñ).

 

3.16. Ôëåéâîð (flavour): êîìïëåêñíîå îùóùåíèå â ïîëîñòè ðòà, âûçûâàåìîå âêóñîì, çàïàõîì è òåêñòóðîé ïèùåâîãî ïðîäóêòà.

Ïðèìå÷àíèå - Íà ôëåéâîð ìîãóò îêàçûâàòü âîçäåéñòâèå òàêòèëüíûå, òåðìè÷åñêèå, áîëåâûå è/èëè êèíåñòåçè÷åñêèå îùóùåíèÿ.

 

3.17. Ïîñòîðîííèé ôëåéâîð (off-flavour): íåõàðàêòåðíûé ôëåéâîð, êîòîðûé îáû÷íî ñîïðîâîæäàåò ïîð÷ó èëè èçìåíåíèå ïðîäóêòà.

3.18. Ïîñòîðîííèé çàïàõ (off-odour): çàïàõ, èìåþùèé íå õàðàêòåðíûå äëÿ äàííîãî ïðîäóêòà íþàíñû (íîòû) è âûçâàííûé åãî ïîð÷åé èëè èçìåíåíèåì.

3.19. Ïîðîê (taint): íå ñâîéñòâåííûå ïîñòîðîííèå äëÿ äàííîãî ïðîäóêòà çàïàõ, âêóñ è/èëè ôëåéâîð.

3.20. Îñíîâíîé (áàçîâûé) âêóñ (basic taste): ëþáîé èç õàðàêòåðíûõ âêóñîâ: êèñëûé, ãîðüêèé, ñîëåíûé, ñëàäêèé, ùåëî÷íîé, óìàìè, ìåòàëëè÷åñêèé.

3.21. Áåçâêóñíûé, ïðåñíûé (tasteless, flavourless): ïðîäóêò, íå èìåþùèé õàðàêòåðíîãî âêóñà è/èëè ôëåéâîðà.

3.22. Ñëàáûé âêóñ (inspirid): õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ïðîäóêòà ñ ãîðàçäî áîëåå íèçêèì óðîâíåì õàðàêòåðíîãî âêóñà è/èëè ôëåéâîðà, ÷åì îæèäàåòñÿ.

3.23. Íåéòðàëüíûé (neutral): ïðîäóêò, ó êîòîðîãî îòñóòñòâóþò ÿðêî âûðàæåííûå âêóñîâûå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè.

3.24. Ïëîñêèé, íåâûðàçèòåëüíûé (flat): õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ïðîäóêòà, âîñïðèÿòèå êîòîðîãî íàõîäèòñÿ íèæå îæèäàåìîãî îðãàíîëåïòè÷åñêîãî óðîâíÿ.

3.25. Óñèëèòåëü âêóñà è/èëè ôëåéâîðà (flavour enhancer): âåùåñòâî, ââîäèìîå â ïðîäóêò äëÿ óñèëåíèÿ õàðàêòåðíîãî âêóñà è/èëè ôëåéâîðà, õîòÿ ñàìî îíî íå îáëàäàåò ýòèì âêóñîì.

3.26. Ïîñëåâêóñèå (after-taste): îáîíÿòåëüíîå è/èëè âêóñîâîå îùóùåíèå, ïîÿâëÿþùååñÿ ïîñëå ïðîãëàòûâàíèÿ èëè óäàëåíèÿ ïðîäóêòà èç ïîëîñòè ðòà, êîòîðîå îòëè÷àåòñÿ îò òåõ îùóùåíèé, êîòîðûå âîñïðèíèìàëèñü âî âðåìÿ åãî íàõîæäåíèÿ â ðîòîâîé ïîëîñòè.

3.27. Ñòîéêîñòü (persistence): îáîíÿòåëüíîå è/èëè âêóñîâîå îùóùåíèå, ñõîæåå ñ âîñïðèíèìàåìûì âî âðåìÿ íàõîæäåíèÿ ïðîäóêòà â ðîòîâîé ïîëîñòè, äëèòåëüíîñòü êîòîðîãî ìîæíî èçìåðèòü.

3.28. Çàïàõ (odour): îðãàíîëåïòè÷åñêàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà, âîñïðèíèìàåìàÿ îðãàíîì îáîíÿíèÿ ïðè âäûõàíèè íåêîòîðûõ ëåòó÷èõ àðîìàòè÷åñêèõ âåùåñòâ.

3.29. Àðîìàò (aroma): ïðèÿòíûé ãàðìîíè÷íûé çàïàõ.

3.30. Íþàíñ, íîòà (note): îòëè÷èòåëüíàÿ è õàðàêòåðíàÿ ÷åðòà çàïàõà èëè ôëåéâîðà.

3.31. Ïîñòîðîííÿÿ íîòà (off-note): íå òèïè÷íàÿ äëÿ ïðîäóêòà íîòà, àññîöèèðóþùàÿñÿ ñ åãî ïîð÷åé èëè èçìåíåíèåì.

3.32. Âíåøíèé âèä (appearance): îáùåå çðèòåëüíîå âïå÷àòëåíèå èëè ñîâîêóïíîñòü âèäèìûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ ïðîäóêòà.

3.33. Êîíñèñòåíöèÿ (consistency): ñîâîêóïíîñòü ðåîëîãè÷åñêèõ õàðàêòåðèñòèê ïðîäóêòà, âîñïðèíèìàåìûõ ìåõàíè÷åñêèìè è òàêòèëüíûìè ðåöåïòîðàìè.

3.34. Òåëî (body): áîãàòñòâî ôëåéâîðà èëè âïå÷àòëåíèå íàñûùåííîñòè, äàâàåìîå ïðîäóêòîì.

3.35. Áëåñê (shiny): ñïîñîáíîñòü ïðîäóêòà îòðàæàòü áîëüøóþ ÷àñòü ëó÷åé, ïàäàþùèõ íà ïîâåðõíîñòü, â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ãëàäêîñòè.

3.36. Öâåò (colour): âïå÷àòëåíèå, âûçâàííîå ñâåòîâûì èìïóëüñîì è îïðåäåëÿåìîå äîìèíèðóþùåé äëèíîé ñâåòîâîé âîëíû è èíòåíñèâíîñòüþ; ñâîéñòâî ïðîäóêòîâ âûçûâàòü öâåòîâîå îùóùåíèå.

3.37. Îòòåíîê, öâåòîâîé òîí (hue): õàðàêòåðèñòèêà öâåòà, êîòîðàÿ îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ äëèíîé âîëíû âèäèìîé ÷àñòè ñïåêòðà.

3.38. Íàñûùåííîñòü öâåòà, êîëîðèìåòðè÷åñêàÿ ÷èñòîòà (saturation of a colour): êîìïëåêñíàÿ âåëè÷èíà, õàðàêòåðèçóþùàÿ ÷èñòîòó öâåòà.

3.39. ßðêîñòü, èíòåíñèâíîñòü (luminance): âåëè÷èíà, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùàÿ "êîëè÷åñòâó öâåòà" ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê íåéòðàëüíîìó ñåðîìó â øêàëå îò àáñîëþòíî ÷åðíîãî äî àáñîëþòíî áåëîãî.

3.40. Ïðîçðà÷íûé (transparent): õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ïðîäóêòà, çàâèñÿùàÿ îò ñòåïåíè ïðîïóñêàíèÿ ñâåòîâûõ ëó÷åé ÷åðåç äàííûé ïðîäóêò áåç èñêàæåíèÿ.

3.41. Ïîëóïðîçðà÷íûé (translucent): õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ïðîäóêòà, çàâèñÿùàÿ îò ñòåïåíè ïðîïóñêàíèÿ ñâåòîâûõ ëó÷åé ÷åðåç äàííûé ïðîäóêò ñ èñêàæåíèÿìè.

3.42. Ìàòîâûé, íåïðîçðà÷íûé (opaque): õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ïðîäóêòà, íå ñïîñîáíîãî ïðîïóñêàòü ÷åðåç ñåáÿ ñâåòîâûå ëó÷è.

3.43. Áóêåò (bouquet): êîìïëåêñ ñïåöèôè÷åñêèõ îáîíÿòåëüíûõ íþàíñîâ, õàðàêòåðíûõ äëÿ êàêîãî-òî òèïà ïðîäóêòîâ (âèíî, àëêîãîëüíûå íàïèòêè è ò.ï.).

3.44. Îáæèãàþùèé (burning): õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ïðîäóêòà, êîòîðûé âûçûâàåò îùóùåíèå òåïëà â ïîëîñòè ðòà (òàêîé ýôôåêò, íàïðèìåð, âûçûâàåò ñòðó÷êîâûé ïåðåö è ïåðåö-ãîðîøåê).

3.45. Æãó÷èé (pungent): õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ïðîäóêòà, êîòîðûé âûçûâàåò îùóùåíèå ðàçäðàæåíèÿ ñëèçèñòûõ îáîëî÷åê ðòà è íîñà (íàïðèìåð, óêñóñ, ãîð÷èöà).

3.46. Òàêòèëüíûå ðîòîâûå îùóùåíèÿ (mouthfeel): òàêòèëüíûå îùóùåíèÿ, âîñïðèíèìàåìûå â ðîòîâîé ïîëîñòè, âêëþ÷àÿ ÿçûê, äåñíû, çóáû.

3.47. Òåêñòóðà (texture): ñîâîêóïíîñòü ìåõàíè÷åñêèõ, ãåîìåòðè÷åñêèõ è ïîâåðõíîñòíûõ õàðàêòåðèñòèê ïðîäóêòà, êîòîðûå âîñïðèíèìàþòñÿ ìåõàíè÷åñêèìè, òàêòèëüíûìè òàì, ãäå ýòî âîçìîæíî, âèçóàëüíûìè è ñëóõîâûìè ðåöåïòîðàìè.

Ìåõàíè÷åñêèå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè îïðåäåëÿþò ðåàêöèþ ïðîäóêòà íà âíåøíåå ñèëîâîå âîçäåéñòâèå. Îíè âîñïðèíèìàþòñÿ ñ ïîìîùüþ äàâëåíèÿ, îêàçûâàåìîãî çóáàìè, ÿçûêîì è íåáîì ïðè ïåðåæåâûâàíèè ïèùè. Ê ìåõàíè÷åñêèì ïàðàìåòðàì îòíîñÿò òâåðäîñòü, ñöåïëåíèå ÷àñòèö, âÿçêîñòü, ýëàñòè÷íîñòü, êëåéêîñòü è ò.ä.

Ãåîìåòðè÷åñêèå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè çàâèñÿò îò ìàêðîñòðóêòóðû ïðîäóêòà è ñâÿçàíû ñ ðàçìåðîì, ôîðìîé è îðèåíòàöèåé ñîñòàâëÿþùèõ òåêñòóðó ÷àñòèö.

Ïîâåðõíîñòíûå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ñâÿçàíû ñ îùóùåíèÿìè, äàâàåìûìè ïðèñóòñòâèåì âîäû èëè æèðîâ â ïðîäóêòå.

3.48. Òâåðäîñòü (hardness): õàðàêòåðèñòèêà òåêñòóðû, ñâÿçàííàÿ ñ óñèëèåì, íåîáõîäèìûì äëÿ äåôîðìàöèè ïðîäóêòà èëè ïðîíèêíîâåíèÿ â åãî ñòðóêòóðó.

Âî ðòó òâåðäîñòü âîñïðèíèìàåòñÿ ïóòåì ñäàâëèâàíèÿ ïðîäóêòà ìåæäó çóáàìè äëÿ òâåðäûõ òåë èëè ìåæäó ÿçûêîì è íåáîì - äëÿ ïîëóòâåðäûõ ïðîäóêòîâ:

ìÿãêèé (soft): íèçêàÿ ñòåïåíü (äîìàøíèé ñûð, ïëàâëåíûé ñûð);

ïëîòíûé (firm): ñðåäíÿÿ ñòåïåíü (îëèâêè);

òâåðäûé (hard): âûñîêàÿ ñòåïåíü (êàðàìåëü).

3.49. Ñöåïëåíèå ÷àñòèö (cohesiveness): õàðàêòåðèñòèêà òåêñòóðû, ñâÿçàííàÿ ñî ñòåïåíüþ äåôîðìàöèè âåùåñòâà ïåðåä ðàçðûâîì. Ýòî ïîíÿòèå îáúåäèíÿåò ñëåäóþùèå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè: õðóïêîñòü (ñì. 3.50) ïåðåæåâûâàåìîñòü (ñì. 3.51) è êëåéêîñòü (ñì. 3.52).

3.50. Õðóïêîñòü (fracturability): ñâîéñòâî òåêñòóðû, ñâÿçàííîå ñî ñöåïëåíèåì ÷àñòèö ïðîäóêòà, õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ óñèëèåì, íåîáõîäèìûì äëÿ ðàçðóøåíèÿ íà ÷àñòèöû èëè êóñî÷êè, îöåíèâàåòñÿ ïóòåì ðåçêîãî íàæàòèÿ ïåðåäíèìè çóáàìè èëè ïàëüöàìè:

ðàññûï÷àòûé, ðûõëûé (crumbly): íèçêàÿ ñòåïåíü (ïîí÷èê, ïèðîæíîå);

õðóñòÿùèé (õðóìêèé, ñî÷íûé õðóñò) (crunchy): ñðåäíÿÿ ñòåïåíü (ÿáëîêî, ìîðêîâü);

õðóïêèé, ëîìêèé (brittle): âûñîêàÿ ñòåïåíü (êðåêåð);

õðóñòÿùèé (ñóõîé õðóñò) (crispy): âûñîêàÿ ñòåïåíü (êàðòîôåëüíûå ÷èïñû, ïîïêîðí);

æåñòêèé, ñ êîðî÷êîé (crusty): âûñîêàÿ ñòåïåíü (êîðî÷êà ñâåæåãî ôðàíöóçñêîãî áàãåòà).

3.51. Ïåðåæåâûâàåìîñòü (chewiness): õàðàêòåðèñòèêà òåêñòóðû, ñâÿçàííàÿ ñî ñöåïëåíèåì, îïðåäåëÿåìàÿ â çàâèñèìîñòè îò òâåðäîñòè èëè êîëè÷åñòâà ïåðåæåâûâàíèé, íåîáõîäèìûõ äëÿ ïðåâðàùåíèÿ â ãîòîâûé äëÿ ïðîãëàòûâàíèÿ ïðîäóêò:

íåæíûé (tender): íèçêàÿ ñòåïåíü (ìîëîäîé çåëåíûé ãîðîøåê);

òðåáóþùèé ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîãî æåâàíèÿ (chewy): ñðåäíÿÿ ñòåïåíü (æåâàòåëüíàÿ ðåçèíêà);

æåñòêèé (tough): âûñîêàÿ ñòåïåíü (ñòàðàÿ æåñòêàÿ ãîâÿäèíà, êîæèöà ñâèíîãî ñàëà).

3.52. Êëåéêîñòü (gumminess): õàðàêòåðèñòèêà òåêñòóðû, ñâÿçàííàÿ ñî ñöåïëåíèåì ìÿãêîãî ïðîäóêòà; îíà îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ â çàâèñèìîñòè îò óñèëèÿ, êîòîðîå íåîáõîäèìî ïðèëîæèòü äëÿ ðàçìÿã÷åíèÿ ïðîäóêòà è åãî ïîäãîòîâêè äëÿ ïðîãëàòûâàíèÿ:

ðàññûï÷àòûé, õðóïêèé (short): ñëàáàÿ ñòåïåíü (áèñêâèò, áåçå);

ðûõëûé, ìó÷íèñòûé (mealy, powdery): ñðåäíÿÿ ñòåïåíü (íåêîòîðûå ñîðòà êàðòîôåëÿ, îòâàðíàÿ ôàñîëü);

òåñòîîáðàçíûé, âÿçêèé (pasty): ñðåäíÿÿ ñòåïåíü (ïþðå èç êàøòàíà);

êëåéêèé, æåëàòèíîîáðàçíûé (gummy): âûñîêàÿ ñòåïåíü (ïåðåâàðåííûå îâñÿíûå õëîïüÿ, ïèùåâîé æåëàòèí).

3.53. Âÿçêîñòü (viscosity): õàðàêòåðèñòèêà òåêñòóðû, ñâÿçàííàÿ ñ ñîïðîòèâëåíèåì ïîòîêó; îíà ñîîòíîñèòñÿ ñ ñèëîé, êîòîðóþ íóæíî ïðèëîæèòü, ÷òîáû âñîñàòü ðàñïîëîæåííûé â ëîæêå ïðîäóêò èëè íàíåñòè ïðîäóêò íà ñóáñòðàò:

æèäêèé (fluid): ñëàáàÿ ñòåïåíü (âîäà);

âîäÿíèñòûé (thin): ñðåäíÿÿ ñòåïåíü (ñîóñ);

ìàñëÿíèñòûé (unctuous): ñðåäíÿÿ ñòåïåíü (ñâåæàÿ ñìåòàíà, âçáèòûå ñëèâêè);

âÿçêèé (viscous): âûñîêàÿ ñòåïåíü (ñãóùåíêà ñ ñàõàðîì, ìåä).

3.54. Óïðóãîñòü, ýëàñòè÷íîñòü (springiness): ñïîñîáíîñòü ïðîäóêòà âîçâðàùàòü ïåðâîíà÷àëüíóþ ôîðìó ïîñëå ïðåêðàùåíèÿ íàæèìà, íå ïðåâûøàþùåãî êðèòè÷åñêîãî çíà÷åíèÿ (ïðåäåëà ýëàñòè÷íîñòè), õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ:

1) ñêîðîñòüþ âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ èñõîäíûõ ðàçìåðîâ ïðîäóêòà;

2) òåì, êàêèì îáðàçîì äåôîðìèðóåìûé ìàòåðèàë âîçâðàùàåòñÿ â èñõîäíîå ñîñòîÿíèå:

ïëàñòè÷íûé (plastic): ýëàñòè÷íîñòü/óïðóãîñòü îòñóòñòâóåò (ìàðãàðèí);

òÿãó÷èé, ïîäàòëèâûé (malleable): ñðåäíÿÿ ñòåïåíü (çåôèð);

ýëàñòè÷íûé, óïðóãèé, ðåçèíîïîäîáíûé (elastic; springy; rubbery): âûñîêàÿ ñòåïåíü (êàëüìàðû, ìîëëþñêè).

3.55. Ëèïêîñòü, àäãåçèîííàÿ ñïîñîáíîñòü (adhesiveness): õàðàêòåðèñòèêà òåêñòóðû, îáóñëîâëåííàÿ óñèëèåì, íåîáõîäèìûì äëÿ ïðåîäîëåíèÿ ñèëû ïðèòÿæåíèÿ ìåæäó ïîâåðõíîñòüþ ïðîäóêòà è ÿçûêîì, íåáîì, çóáàìè èëè ðóêàìè:

êëåéêèé (sticky): ñëàáàÿ ñòåïåíü (çåôèð);

ëèïêèé (tacky): ñðåäíÿÿ ñòåïåíü (ìÿãêàÿ êàðàìåëü, ñëèâî÷íûé èðèñ);

î÷åíü ëèïêèé, âÿçêèé (gooey; gluey): âûñîêàÿ ñòåïåíü (êàðàìåëü, ïåðåâàðåííûé ðèñ).

3.56. Çåðíèñòîñòü (granularity): õàðàêòåðèñòèêà òåêñòóðû, îïðåäåëÿåìàÿ îùóùåíèåì ðàçìåðà è ôîðìû ÷àñòèö ïðîäóêòà:

îäíîðîäíûé èëè ãîìîãåííûé (smooth): çåðíèñòîñòü îòñóòñòâóåò (ìîðîæåíîå);

ïîðîøêîîáðàçíûé, ïåñ÷àíèñòûé (gritty): ñëàáàÿ ñòåïåíü (íåêîòîðûå ñîðòà ãðóøè);

ãðàíóëèðîâàííûé, çåðíèñòûé (grainy): ñðåäíÿÿ ñòåïåíü (ìàííàÿ êðóïà, êðóïêà);

êðóïíîçåðíèñòûé, ãðóáûé (coarse): âûñîêàÿ ñòåïåíü (îòâàðíîé ðèñ).

3.57. Âíóòðåííÿÿ ñòðóêòóðà (conformation): õàðàêòåðèñòèêà òåêñòóðû, ñâÿçàííàÿ ñ âîñïðèÿòèåì ôîðìû è îðèåíòàöèè ñîñòàâëÿþùèõ ÷àñòèö ïðîäóêòà:

âîëîêíèñòûé (fibrous): ÷àñòèöû óäëèíåííîé ôîðìû, îðèåíòèðîâàííûå â îäíîì íàïðàâëåíèè (ñåëüäåðåé);

ÿ÷åèñòûé (celluar): ÷àñòèöû ñôåðè÷åñêîé èëè ýëëèïñîâèäíîé ôîðìû (ïóëüïà àïåëüñèíà);

êðèñòàëëè÷åñêèé (crystalline): ÷àñòèöû ñ îñòðûìè óãëàìè (ñàõàðíûé ïåñîê).

3.58. Âëàæíîñòü (moisture): õàðàêòåðèñòèêà òåêñòóðû, îöåíèâàþùàÿ âîñïðèÿòèå êîëè÷åñòâà ïîãëîùåííîé èëè âûäåëÿåìîé ïðîäóêòîì âëàãè:

ñóõîé (dry): îòñóòñòâèå âëàæíîñòè (ñóõîå ïå÷åíüå, êðåêåð);

âëàæíûé (moist): ñëàáàÿ ñòåïåíü (ÿáëîêî);

ìîêðûé (wet): âûñîêàÿ ñòåïåíü (âîäÿíîé êàøòàí, óñòðèöû);

ñî÷íûé (juicy): âûñîêàÿ ñòåïåíü (àïåëüñèí);

ñî÷íûé, ìÿñèñòûé (succulent): âûñîêàÿ ñòåïåíü (ìÿñî);

âîäÿíèñòûé (watery): ïðîäóêò, âîñïðèíèìàåìûé ïî÷òè êàê æèäêîñòü (àðáóç).

3.59. Æèðíîñòü (fatness): õàðàêòåðèñòèêà òåêñòóðû, îöåíèâàþùàÿ âîñïðèÿòèå êîëè÷åñòâà èëè êà÷åñòâà æèðîâûõ âåùåñòâ, ñîäåðæàùèõñÿ â ïðîäóêòå:

ìàñëÿíèñòûé (oily): îùóùåíèå ïðîïèòàííîñòè ìàñëîì (ñàëàò, çàïðàâëåííûé ìàñëîì);

æèðíûé (greasy): îùóùåíèå æèðà íà ïîâåðõíîñòè (áåêîí, ÷èïñû);

ñàëèñòûé (fatty): îùóùåíèå áîëüøîãî êîëè÷åñòâà æèðà, íî áåç âûäåëåíèÿ íà ïîâåðõíîñòü (ñàëî, òâåðäûé æèâîòíûé æèð).

 

4. Òåðìèíû, ñâÿçàííûå ñ ìåòîäàìè îðãàíîëåïòè÷åñêîé îöåíêè

 

4.1. Òåñòèðóåìûé îáðàçåö (test sample): îáðàçåö ìàòåðèàëà äëÿ èññëåäîâàíèÿ.

4.2. Òåñòèðóåìàÿ ïîðöèÿ (test portion): ÷àñòü òåñòèðóåìîãî îáðàçöà, êîòîðàÿ íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ïðîáóåòñÿ èñïûòàòåëåì.

4.3. Êîíòðîëüíàÿ òî÷êà (reference point): âûáðàííàÿ âåëè÷èíà (îäíîé èëè íåñêîëüêèõ õàðàêòåðèñòèê ïðîäóêòà), ñ êîòîðîé ñðàâíèâàþòñÿ òåñòèðóåìûå îáðàçöû.

4.4. Êîíòðîëüíûé îáðàçåö (control): îáðàçåö ïðîäóêòà, êîòîðûé èñïîëüçóåòñÿ â êà÷åñòâå êîíòðîëüíîãî äëÿ ñðàâíåíèÿ ñ íèì äðóãèõ îáðàçöîâ.

4.5. Ýòàëîí, ñòàíäàðò (reference): âåùåñòâî, îòëè÷íîå îò òåñòèðóåìîãî ïðîäóêòà è èñïîëüçóåìîå äëÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèê è ñòåïåíè äàííîãî ñâîéñòâà.

4.6. Ðàçëè÷èòåëüíûé ìåòîä (difference test): ëþáîé ìåòîä, ãäå ïðèìåíÿåòñÿ ñðàâíåíèå îáðàçöîâ.

4.7. Ìåòîä ïðåäïî÷òåíèÿ (preference test): ìåòîä, ïîçâîëÿþùèé âûÿâèòü ïðåäïî÷òåíèå ìåæäó äâóìÿ èëè íåñêîëüêèìè îáðàçöàìè.

4.8. Ìåòîä ïàðíîãî ñðàâíåíèÿ (paired comparison test): ðàçëè÷èòåëüíûé ìåòîä, ãäå ñòèìóëû ïðåäñòàâëåíû ïàðàìè äëÿ èõ ñðàâíåíèÿ íà îñíîâå îïðåäåëåííûõ õàðàêòåðèñòèê.

4.9. Òðèàíãóëÿðíûé ìåòîä, ìåòîä òðåóãîëüíèêà (triangle test): ðàçëè÷èòåëüíûé ìåòîä âûáîðà îòëè÷àþùåãîñÿ îáðàçöà èç òðåõ çàêîäèðîâàííûõ îáðàçöîâ, äâà èç êîòîðûõ èäåíòè÷íû. Èñïûòàòåëþ ïðåäëàãàåòñÿ îïðåäåëèòü îáðàçåö, îòëè÷íûé îò äðóãèõ.

4.10. Ìåòîä "äóî-òðèî" ("duo-trio" test): ðàçëè÷èòåëüíûé ìåòîä, â êîòîðîì êîíòðîëüíàÿ ïðîáà ïðåäñòàâëÿåòñÿ ïåðâîé, çàòåì ñëåäóþò äâà èññëåäóåìûõ îáðàçöà, îäèí èç êîòîðûõ - èñêîìûé è îòëè÷åí îò êîíòðîëüíîãî.

4.11. Ìåòîä "äâà èç ïÿòè" ("two-out-of-five" test): ðàçëè÷èòåëüíûé ìåòîä îòáîðà äâóõ èñêîìûõ îáðàçöîâ èç ïÿòè çàêîäèðîâàííûõ, òðè èç êîòîðûõ èäåíòè÷íû îäíîìó îáðàçöó, à äâà - äðóãîìó îáðàçöó. Èñïûòàòåëþ ïðåäëàãàåòñÿ ðàçäåëèòü îäèíàêîâûå îáðàçöû íà äâå ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå ãðóïïû.

4.12. Ìåòîä "À-íå-À"("A" or "not A" test): ðàçëè÷èòåëüíûé ìåòîä, â êîòîðîì èñïûòàòåëþ ïîñëå ïðåäâàðèòåëüíîãî îçíàêîìëåíèÿ ñ êîíòðîëüíûì îáðàçöîì "À" ïðåäëàãàåòñÿ îïðåäåëèòü, êàêèå èç ïðåäñòàâëåííûõ îáðàçöîâ èäåíòè÷íû êîíòðîëüíîìó "À", à êàêèå îòëè÷íû - "íå À".

4.13. Ìåòîäû êëàññèôèêàöèè (grading): îáùèé òåðìèí, îáúåäèíÿþùèé ìåòîäû ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì øêàë è êàòåãîðèé, îïèñàííûå â 4.14 è 4.17.

4.14. Ðàíãîâûé ìåòîä (ranking): ìåòîä êëàññèôèêàöèè, â êîòîðîì ñåðèÿ îáðàçöîâ ðàñïîëàãàåòñÿ â ïîðÿäêå âîçðàñòàíèÿ èëè ñíèæåíèÿ èíòåíñèâíîñòè îöåíèâàåìîãî ïðèçíàêà.  äàííîì ìåòîäå íå òðåáóåòñÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ ñòåïåíè îòëè÷èé.

4.15. Ìåòîä ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ, ìåòîä ãðóïïèðîâêè (classification): ìåòîä êëàññèôèêàöèè, îñíîâàííûé íà ðàñïðåäåëåíèè îáðàçöîâ ïî îïðåäåëåííûì óñëîâíûì êàòåãîðèÿì.

4.16. Ìåòîä øêàë, ðåéòèíãîâûé ìåòîä (rating): ìåòîä êëàññèôèêàöèè, çàêëþ÷àþùèéñÿ â êîëè÷åñòâåííîé îöåíêå èíòåíñèâíîñòè îòäåëüíî âûáðàííûõ îïèñàòåëüíûõ õàðàêòåðèñòèê ïðîäóêòà ñ ïîìîùüþ öèôðîâûõ ïîðÿäêîâûõ øêàë.

4.17. Ìåòîä "ñêîðèíã", áàëëüíûé ìåòîä (scoring): ìåòîä êëàññèôèêàöèè, îñíîâàííûé íà îöåíêå ïðîäóêòà èëè åãî ñâîéñòâ ñ ïîìîùüþ áàëëîâ (èìåþùèõ ìàòåìàòè÷åñêóþ çíà÷èìîñòü).

4.18. Ìåòîä ðàçâåäåíèé (dilution): ìåòîäèêà, îñíîâàííàÿ íà êîëè÷åñòâåííîé îöåíêå èçìåíåíèÿ èíòåíñèâíîñòè îðãàíîëåïòè÷åñêèõ õàðàêòåðèñòèê ïðîäóêòà â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ñòåïåíè ðàçâåäåíèÿ ïðîá âîäîé, ïðè÷åì îáðàçöû ïðåäëàãàþòñÿ â ïîðÿäêå èõ ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîãî ñòóïåí÷àòîãî ðàçáàâëåíèÿ, ïîñëå ÷åãî îíè èññëåäóþòñÿ ïî ñåðèÿì.

4.19. Îòáîð (screening): ïðîöåäóðà ïðåäâàðèòåëüíîãî îòáîðà.

4.20. Ïîèñê ýêâèâàëåíòà, ïîäáîð (matching): ïðîöåäóðà, ïîçâîëÿþùàÿ ñâÿçûâàòü ïîïàðíî ñòèìóëû è ïðèìåíÿåìàÿ äëÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ ñòåïåíè ñõîæåñòè ìåæäó ýòàëîíîì è íåçíàêîìûì îáðàçöîì èëè ìåæäó íåèçâåñòíûìè ïðîáàìè.

4.21. Îáúåêòèâíûé ìåòîä (objective method): ëþáîé ìåòîä, ãäå ëè÷íîñòíûå ñóæäåíèÿ èñïûòàòåëåé ñâåäåíû ê ìèíèìóìó.

4.22. Ñóáúåêòèâíûé ìåòîä (subjective method): ëþáîé ìåòîä, ãäå ó÷èòûâàþòñÿ ëè÷íîñòíûå ñóæäåíèÿ èñïûòàòåëåé.

4.23. Ìåòîä îöåíêè çíà÷èìîñòè (magnitude estimation): ïðîöåññ ïðèñâîåíèÿ îïðåäåëåííîãî çíà÷åíèÿ èíòåíñèâíîñòè îðãàíîëåïòè÷åñêîé õàðàêòåðèñòèêè òàêèì îáðàçîì, ÷òîáû ñîîòíîøåíèå ìåæäó äàííûì çíà÷åíèåì è âîñïðèÿòèåì èñïûòàòåëÿ áûëî îäèíàêîâûì.

4.24. Íåçàâèñèìàÿ îöåíêà (independent assessment): îöåíêà îäíîãî èëè íåñêîëüêèõ ñòèìóëîâ áåç ïðÿìîãî ñðàâíåíèÿ.

4.25. Ñðàâíèòåëüíàÿ îöåíêà (comparative assessment): îäíîâðåìåííîå ñðàâíåíèå ñòèìóëîâ.

4.26. Îïèñàòåëüíûé êîëè÷åñòâåííûé àíàëèç, ïðîôèëü (descriptive quantitative analysis; profile): èñïîëüçîâàíèå îïèñàòåëüíûõ òåðìèíîâ äëÿ îöåíêè îðãàíîëåïòè÷åñêèõ õàðàêòåðèñòèê îáðàçöà èëè îïðåäåëåíèÿ ñòåïåíè èíòåíñèâíîñòè êàæäîé èç ýòèõ õàðàêòåðèñòèê.

4.27. Øêàëà (scale): óïîðÿäî÷åííàÿ ñîâîêóïíîñòü ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíûõ âåëè÷èí (ãðàôè÷åñêàÿ, îïèñàòåëüíàÿ èëè ÷èñëîâàÿ), èñïîëüçóåìàÿ äëÿ îòðàæåíèÿ óðîâíÿ îðãàíîëåïòè÷åñêîé õàðàêòåðèñòèêè.

4.28. Ãåäîíè÷åñêàÿ øêàëà (hedonice scale): øêàëà, îòðàæàþùàÿ ñòåïåíü ñèìïàòèè èëè àíòèïàòèè ê ïðîäóêòó.

4.29. Áèïîëÿðíàÿ øêàëà (bipolar scale): øêàëà, êîòîðàÿ èìååò ïðîòèâîïîëîæíûå îïèñàòåëüíûå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè íà äâóõ åå îêîíå÷íîñòÿõ (íàïðèìåð, øêàëà òåêñòóðû ïðîäóêòà, èäóùàÿ îò òâåðäîãî ê ìÿãêîìó).

4.30. Îäíîïîëÿðíàÿ øêàëà (unipolar scale): øêàëà, èìåþùàÿ òîëüêî îäíó îïèñàòåëüíóþ õàðàêòåðèñòèêó íà îäíîé èç îêîíå÷íîñòåé.

4.31. Îðäèíàðíàÿ øêàëà (ordinal scale): øêàëà, â êîòîðîé òî÷êè ðàñïîëîæåíû â íåïðåðûâíîé ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòè èëè â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ óñòàíîâëåííîé ðàíåå ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòüþ.

4.32. Èíòåðâàëüíàÿ øêàëà (interval scale): øêàëà, äëÿ êîòîðîé òî÷êè âûáèðàþòñÿ èç ïðåäïîëîæåíèÿ, ÷òî ðàâíûå öèôðîâûå èíòåðâàëû ñîîòâåòñòâóþò ðàâíûì ðàçëè÷èÿì óñòàíîâëåííûõ ñåíñîðíûõ âîñïðèÿòèé.

4.33. Øêàëà ñîîòíîøåíèé (ratio scale): øêàëà, â êîòîðîé òî÷êè âûáèðàþòñÿ èç ïðåäïîëîæåíèÿ, ÷òî ðàâíûå öèôðîâûå ñîîòíîøåíèÿ îòâå÷àþò ðàâíûì ñîîòíîøåíèÿì ñåíñîðíûõ âïå÷àòëåíèé.

4.34. Îøèáêà (error of assessment): ðàçëè÷èå ìåæäó ïîëó÷åííîé âåëè÷èíîé (îöåíêîé) è äåéñòâèòåëüíîé âåëè÷èíîé.

4.35. Ñëó÷àéíàÿ îøèáêà (random error): íåïðåäâèäåííûå îøèáêè, ñðåäíåå àðèôìåòè÷åñêîå êîòîðûõ ðàâíî íóëþ.

4.36. Ïîãðåøíîñòü (bias): îøèáêà ñèñòåìàòè÷åñêîãî õàðàêòåðà, êîòîðàÿ ìîæåò áûòü ïîëîæèòåëüíîé èëè îòðèöàòåëüíîé.

4.37. Îæèäàåìàÿ ïîãðåøíîñòü (expectation bias): ñèñòåìàòè÷åñêàÿ îøèáêà, âîçíèêàþùàÿ èç-çà ïðåäâçÿòîñòè èëè çàðàíåå ñëîæèâøåãîñÿ ìíåíèÿ èñïûòàòåëÿ.

4.38. Èñòèííîå çíà÷åíèå (true value): ÷àñòíîå çíà÷åíèå, êîòîðîå ïðåäïîëàãàþò îöåíèòü.

4.39. Ñòàíäàðòíûå èñòî÷íèêè ñâåòà (standart illuminants): êîëîðèìåòðè÷åñêèå èñòî÷íèêè ñâåòà, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå ãàììå èñêóññòâåííûõ èëè íàòóðàëüíûõ ëó÷åé, îïðåäåëåííûõ Ìåæäóíàðîäíîé êîìèññèåé ïî îñâåùåíèþ (CIE).

 

 

 

 

 

ÀËÔÀÂÈÒÍÛÉ ÓÊÀÇÀÒÅËÜ ÒÅÐÌÈÍΠÍÀ ÐÓÑÑÊÎÌ ßÇÛÊÅ

 

àâåðñèÿ                                                          1.19

àãåâçèÿ                                                          2.14

àäàïòàöèÿ ñåíñîðíàÿ                                              2.12

àíàëèç ñåíñîðíûé                                                 1.1

àíàëèç îïèñàòåëüíûé êîëè÷åñòâåííûé                               4.26

àíàëèç îðãàíîëåïòè÷åñêèé                                         1.2

àíîñìèÿ                                                          2.15

àíòàãîíèçì                                                       2.21

àïïåòèò                                                          1.21

àïïåòèòíûé                                                       1.22

àðîìàò                                                           3.29

àòðèáóò                                                          1.15

áåçâêóñíûé                                                       3.21

áëåñê                                                            3.35

áóêåò                                                            3.43

âåùåñòâî àðîìàòè÷åñêîå                                           1.29

âèä âíåøíèé                                                      3.32

âêóñ                                                             2.3

âêóñ áàçîâûé                                                     3.20

âêóñíîñòü                                                        1.23

âêóñîâîé                                                         2.4

âêóñ îñíîâíîé                                                    3.20

âëàæíîñòü                                                        3.58

âîñïðèÿòèå                                                       2.2

âÿæóùèé (âêóñ)                                                   3.12

âÿçêîñòü                                                         3.53

ãåäîíè÷åñêèé                                                     1.24

ãèïåðîñìèÿ                                                       2.16

ãèïîñìèÿ                                                         2.17

ãîðå÷ü                                                           3.5

ãîðüêèé (âêóñ)                                                   3.4

äåãóñòàòîð                                                       1.13

äåãóñòàöèÿ                                                       1.14

äèõðîìàòîïñèÿ                                                    2.18

æãó÷èé                                                           3.45

æèðíîñòü                                                         3.59

çàïàõ                                                            3.28

çàïàõ ïîñòîðîííèé                                                3.18

çåðíèñòîñòü                                                      3.56

çíà÷åíèå èñòèííîå                                                4.38

çðåíèå                                                           2.8

èíòåíñèâíîñòü                                                    2.10, 3.39

èñïûòàòåëü                                                       1.7

èñïûòàòåëü íåïîäãîòîâëåííûé                                      1.7.1

èñïûòàòåëü îçíàêîìëåííûé                                         1.7.2

èñïûòàòåëü îòîáðàííûé                                            1.8

èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïîòðåáèòåëüñêèå                                     1.12

èñòî÷íèêè ñâåòà ñòàíäàðòíûå                                      4.39

êà÷åñòâî                                                         1.30

êèíåñòåçèÿ                                                       2.11

êèñëîâàòûé                                                       3.3

êèñëîñòü                                                         3.2

êèñëûé (âêóñ)                                                    3.1

êëåéêîñòü                                                        3.52

êîíñèñòåíöèÿ                                                     3.33

êðèòåðèé êà÷åñòâà                                                1.31

ëèïêîñòü                                                         3.55

ìàñêèðîâêà                                                       2.23

ìàòîâûé                                                          3.42

ìåòàëëè÷åñêèé (âêóñ)                                             3.14

ìåòîä "À-íå-À"                                                   4.12

ìåòîä áàëëüíûé                                                   4.17

ìåòîä ãðóïïèðîâêè                                                4.15

ìåòîä "äâà èç ïÿòè"                                              4.11

ìåòîä "äóî-òðèî"                                                 4.10

ìåòîä îáúåêòèâíûé                                                4.21

ìåòîä îöåíêè çíà÷èìîñòè                                          4.23

ìåòîä ïàðíîãî ñðàâíåíèÿ                                          4.8

ìåòîä ïðåäïî÷òåíèÿ                                               4.7

ìåòîä ðàçâåäåíèé                                                 4.18

ìåòîä ðàçëè÷èòåëüíûé                                             4.6

ìåòîä ðàíãîâûé                                                   4.14

ìåòîä ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ                                              4.15

ìåòîä ðåéòèíãîâûé                                                4.16

ìåòîä "ñêîðèíã"                                                  4.17

ìåòîä ñóáúåêòèâíûé                                               4.22

ìåòîä òðåóãîëüíèêà                                               4.9

ìåòîä òðèàíãóëÿðíûé                                              4.9

ìåòîä øêàë                                                       4.16

ìåòîäû êëàññèôèêàöèè                                             4.13

íàäïîðîãîâûé                                                     2.32

íàñûùåííîñòü öâåòà                                               3.38

íåâûðàçèòåëüíûé                                                  3.24

íåéòðàëüíûé                                                      3.23

íåïðîçðà÷íûé                                                     3.42

íîòà                                                             3.30

íîòà ïîñòîðîííÿÿ                                                 3.31

íþàíñ                                                            3.30

íþõàòü                                                           2.6

îáæèãàþùèé                                                       3.44

îáîíÿòåëüíûé                                                     2.5

îáðàçåö êîíòðîëüíûé                                              4.4

îáðàçåö òåñòèðóåìûé                                              4.1

îäîáðåíèå                                                        1.17

îäîðàíò                                                          1.29

îäîðèìåòðèÿ                                                      1.27

îëüôàêòîìåòð                                                     1.28

îëüôàêòîìåòðèÿ                                                   1.26

îðãàíîëåïòèêà                                                    1.3

îñÿçàíèå                                                         2.7

îòáîð                                                            4.19

îòòåíîê                                                          3.37

îöåíêà íåçàâèñèìàÿ                                               4.24

îöåíêà îðãàíîëåïòè÷åñêàÿ                                         1.4

îöåíêà ñðàâíèòåëüíàÿ                                             4.25

îøèáêà                                                           4.34

îøèáêà ñëó÷àéíàÿ                                                 4.35

îùóùåíèå                                                         1.5

îùóùåíèÿ òàêòèëüíûå ðîòîâûå                                      3.46

îùóùåíèÿ òðèãåìèíàëüíûå                                          2.20

ïàíåëü                                                           1.10

ïàðàìåòð                                                         1.15

ïåðåæåâûâàåìîñòü                                                 3.51

ïëîñêèé                                                          3.24

ïîãðåøíîñòü                                                      4.36

ïîãðåøíîñòü îæèäàåìàÿ                                            4.37

ïîäáîð                                                           4.20

ïîäïîðîãîâûé                                                     2.31

ïîèñê ýêâèâàëåíòà                                                4.20

ïîêàçàòåëü                                                       1.15

ïîëóïðîçðà÷íûé                                                   3.41

ïîðîã                                                            2.26

ïîðîã äèôôåðåíöèàëüíûé                                           2.29

ïîðîã íàñûùåíèÿ                                                  2.30

ïîðîã îáíàðóæåíèÿ                                                2.27

ïîðîã ïðåäåëüíûé                                                 2.30

ïîðîã ðàñïîçíàâàíèÿ                                              2.28

ïîðîã ñòèìóëà                                                    2.27

ïîðîê                                                            3.19

ïîðöèÿ òåñòèðóåìàÿ                                               4.2

ïîñëåâêóñèå                                                      3.26

ïîòðåáèòåëü                                                      1.11

ïðåäïî÷òåíèå                                                     1.18

ïðåñíûé                                                          3.21

ïðèåìëåìîñòü                                                     1.16

ïðèíÿòèå                                                         1.17

ïðèÿòíîñòü                                                       1.23

ïðîäóêò                                                          1.32

ïðîçðà÷íûé                                                       3.40

ïðîôèëü                                                          4.26

ïñèõîôèçèêà                                                      1.25

ðàçëè÷åíèå                                                       1.20

ðåöåïòîð                                                         2.1

ñâîéñòâî                                                         1.15

ñèíåðãèçì                                                        2.22

ñëàáûé âêóñ                                                      3.22

ñëàäêèé (âêóñ)                                                   3.8

ñëàäîñòü                                                         3.9

ñîëåíîñòü                                                        3.7

ñîëåíûé (âêóñ)                                                   3.6

ñïîñîáíîñòü àäãåçèîííàÿ                                          3.55

ñòðóêòóðà âíóòðåííÿÿ                                             3.57

ñòàíäàðò                                                         4.5

ñòèìóë                                                           1.6

ñòîéêîñòü                                                        3.27

ñöåïëåíèå ÷àñòèö                                                 3.49

òâåðäîñòü                                                        3.48

òåêñòóðà                                                         3.47

òåëî                                                             3.34

òåðïêèé (âêóñ)                                                   3.12

òåðïêîñòü                                                        3.13

òîí öâåòîâîé                                                     3.37

òî÷êà êîíòðîëüíàÿ                                                4.3

óìàìè (âêóñ)                                                     3.15

óïðóãîñòü                                                        3.54

óñèëèòåëü âêóñà                                                  3.25

óñèëèòåëü ôëåéâîðà                                               3.25

óñòàëîñòü ñåíñîðíàÿ                                              2.13

ôëåéâîð                                                          3.16

ôëåéâîð ïîñòîðîííèé                                              3.17

õðóïêîñòü                                                        3.50

öâåò                                                             3.36

÷èñòîòà êîëîðèìåòðè÷åñêàÿ                                        3.38

÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòü                                                 2.9

÷óâñòâîâàòü çàïàõ                                                2.6

øêàëà                                                            4.27

øêàëà áèïîëÿðíàÿ                                                 4.29

øêàëà ãåäîíè÷åñêàÿ                                               4.28

øêàëà èíòåðâàëüíàÿ                                               4.32

øêàëà îäíîïîëÿðíàÿ                                               4.30

øêàëà îðäèíàðíàÿ                                                 4.31

øêàëà ñîîòíîøåíèé                                                4.33

ùåëî÷íîé (âêóñ)                                                  3.10

ùåëî÷íîñòü                                                       3.11

ýêñïåðò                                                          1.9

ýêñïåðò-èñïûòàòåëü                                               1.9.1

ýêñïåðò ñïåöèàëèçèðîâàííûé                                       1.9.2

ýëàñòè÷íîñòü                                                     3.54

ýòàëîí                                                           4.5

ýôôåêò êîíâåðãåíöèè                                              2.25

ýôôåêò êîíòðàñòà                                                 2.24

ýôôåêò ïñåâäîòåðìàëüíûé                                          2.19

ÿðêîñòü                                                          3.39

 

 

 

 

 

ÀËÔÀÂÈÒÍÛÉ ÓÊÀÇÀÒÅËÜ ÒÅÐÌÈÍΠÍÀ ÀÍÃËÈÉÑÊÎÌ ßÇÛÊÅ

 

adhesiveness                                                          3.55

acceptability                                                         1.16

acceptance                                                            1.17

acid taste                                                            3.1

aciduious                                                             3.3

after-taste                                                           3.26

ageusia                                                               2.14

alkaline taste                                                        3.10

alkalinity                                                            3.11

anosmia                                                               2.15

antagonism                                                            2.21

"A" or "not A" test                                                   4.12

appearance                                                            3.32

appetite                                                              1.21

appetizing                                                            1.22

aroma                                                                 3.29

asidity                                                               3.2

assessor                                                              1.7

astringency                                                           3.13

astringent                                                            3.12

attribute                                                             1.15

aversion                                                              1.19

basic taste                                                           3.20

betterness                                                            3.5

bias                                                                  4.36

bipolar scale                                                         4.29

bitter taste                                                          3.4

body                                                                  3.34

bouquet                                                               3.43

burning                                                               3.44

chewiness                                                             3.51

classification                                                        4.15

cohesiveness                                                          3.49

colour                                                                3.36

comparative assessment                                                4.25

conformation                                                          3.57

consistency                                                           3.33

consumer                                                              1.11

consumers' research                                                   1.12

contrast effect                                                       2.24

control                                                               4.4

convergence effect                                                    2.25

descriptive quantitative analysis                                     4.26

detection threshold                                                   2.27

difference threshold                                                  2.29

differe test                                                          4.6

dilution                                                              4.18

discrimination                                                        1.20

"duo-trio" test                                                       4.10

dyschromatopsia                                                       2.18

error of assessment                                                   4.34

expectation bias                                                      4.37

expert                                                                1.9

expert assessor                                                       1.9.1

fatness                                                               3.59

flat                                                                  3.24

flavour                                                               3.16

flavour enhancer                                                      3.25

flavourless                                                           3.21

fracturability                                                        3.50

grading                                                               4.13

granularity                                                           3.56

gumminess                                                             3.52

gustatory                                                             2.4

hardness                                                              3.48

harsh taste                                                           3.12

hedonic                                                               1.24

hedonice scale                                                        4.28

hue                                                                   3.37

hyperosmia                                                            2.16

hyposmia                                                              2.17

independent assessment                                                4.24

initiated assessor                                                    1.7.2

inspirid                                                              3.22

intensity                                                             2.10

interval scale                                                        4.32

kinaesthesis                                                          2.11

luminance                                                             3.39

magnitude estimation                                                  4.23

masking                                                               2.23

matching                                                              4.20

metallic taste                                                        3.14

moisture                                                              3.58

mouthfeel                                                             3.46

naive assessor                                                        1.7.1

neutral                                                               3.23

note                                                                  3.30

objective method                                                      4.21

odorant                                                               1.29

odorimetry                                                            1.27

odour                                                                 3.28

off-flavour                                                           3.17

off-note                                                              3.31

off-odour                                                             3.18

olfactometer                                                          1.28

olfactometry                                                          1.26

olfactory                                                             2.5

opaque                                                                3.42

ordinal scale                                                         4.31

organoleptica                                                         1.3

organoleptic analysis                                                 1.2

organoleptic assessment                                               1.4

paired comparison test                                                4.8

palatability                                                          1.23

panel                                                                 1.10

perception                                                            2.2

persistence                                                           3.27

preference                                                            1.18

preference test                                                       4.7

product                                                               1.32

profile                                                               4.26

pseudothermal effect                                                  2.19

psychophysics                                                         1.25

pungent                                                               3.45

quality                                                               1.30

quality factor                                                        1.31

random error                                                          4.35

ranking                                                               4.14

rating                                                                4.16

ratio scale                                                           4.33

receptor                                                              2.1

recognition threshold                                                 2.28

reference                                                             4.5

reference point                                                       4.3

saltiness                                                             3.7

salty taste                                                           3.6

saturation of a colour                                                3.38

scale                                                                 4.27

scoring                                                               4.17

screening                                                             4.19

selected assessor                                                     1.8

sensation                                                             1.5

sensitivity                                                           2.9

sensory adaptation                                                    2.12

sensory analysis                                                      1.1

sensory fatigue                                                       2.13

shiny                                                                 3.35

specialized expert assessor                                           1.9.2

springiness                                                           3.54

standart illuminants                                                  4.39

stimulus                                                              1.6

stimulus threshold                                                    2.27

sweetness                                                             3.9

sweet taste                                                           3.8

subjective method                                                     4.22

supra-threshold                                                       2.32

sub-threshold                                                         2.31

synergism                                                             2.22

taint                                                                 3.19

taste                                                                 2.3

tasteless                                                             3.21

taster                                                                1.13

tasting                                                               1.14

terminal threshold                                                    2.30

test portion                                                          4.2

test sample                                                           4.1

texture                                                               3.47

threshold                                                             2.26

to smell                                                              2.6

touch                                                                 2.7

translucent                                                           3.41

transparent                                                           3.40

triangle test                                                         4.9

trigeminal sensations                                                 2.20

true value                                                            4.38

"two-out-of-five" test                                                4.11

umami taste                                                           3.15

unipolar scale                                                        4.30

viscosity                                                             3.53

vision                                                                2.8

 

 

 


 
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